> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://docs.nitro.network/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://docs.nitro.network/lorawan-on-nitro-network/roaming-on-nitro-network.md).

# Roaming on Nitro Network

## Roaming Architecture 

### **Network Reference Model**

Figure 1 and Figure 2 shows the Network Reference Model (NRM) for the LoRaWAN architecture.

![Figure 1: LoRaWan Network Reference Model (NRM), End-Device at Home](https://1093869420-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2FSVTipbFtaGFi2aZlOpxC%2Fuploads%2FSWeGdveRInSqNNMkEdNO%2F5.jpg?alt=media\&token=b2d09c37-da12-4b42-aba0-3761bd7005f7)

### Roaming Architecture Model

![](https://1093869420-files.gitbook.io/~/files/v0/b/gitbook-x-prod.appspot.com/o/spaces%2FSVTipbFtaGFi2aZlOpxC%2Fuploads%2FMPEnlyFWg1HlYa1nnePs%2F6.jpg?alt=media\&token=341d64ce-31d6-459a-9131-be0c05572467)

### **End-Device**

The end-device is a sensor or an actuator. The end-device is wirelessly connected to a LoRaWAN network through Nitro ION Miners. The application layer of the end-device is connected to a specific Application Server in the cloud. All application layer payloads of this end-device are routed to its corresponding Application Server.