> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://docs.nitro.network/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://docs.nitro.network/lorawan-on-nitro-network/roaming-on-nitro-network.md).

# Roaming on Nitro Network

## Roaming Architecture 

### **Network Reference Model**

Figure 1 and Figure 2 shows the Network Reference Model (NRM) for the LoRaWAN architecture.

![Figure 1: LoRaWan Network Reference Model (NRM), End-Device at Home](/files/929QN2xyYUcxEzA1Bank)

### Roaming Architecture Model

![](/files/vNyq2WGWtLEHvONUw9kq)

### **End-Device**

The end-device is a sensor or an actuator. The end-device is wirelessly connected to a LoRaWAN network through Nitro ION Miners. The application layer of the end-device is connected to a specific Application Server in the cloud. All application layer payloads of this end-device are routed to its corresponding Application Server.